湖南省水库与干旱情势空间匹配关系研究

根据湖南省地质、地形等条件,以县域为单元将湖南省划分为9个区域,对省内14 000多座各类型水库开展空间统计,分析了水库空间分布规律,并采用SPI-3指数法计算得到4-9月重旱及以上干旱频率的空间分布,对比研究了水库分布与干旱的空间匹配关系。结果表明：湖南省水库分布具有明显的空间分异特征,丘陵区水库数量密度一般要大于山地区,但受大型水库不足的影响,库容密度一般要小于山地区。洞庭湖平原腹地水库密度极低,而外围岗地区则拥有全省最大的水库分布密度。不同分区水库供水能力与人口、耕地的匹配关系也有很大差异。湘东南罗霄-南岭山地区单位面积兴利库容和人均兴利库容最大分别可达54 397.32 m³/hm²和3 286.53 m³,而在湘中南岩溶丘陵区、洞庭湖区等地区则分别不大于3 450 m³/hm²和210 m³。湖南省水库的空间分异特征主要受地质、地形等地理条件控制,山地区水库规模大、数量少,而丘陵区水库小、数量多。总体上看,湖南省水库供水能力与干旱的空间分布存在明显的失衡错位,如衡邵盆地不仅年均降雨量少、重旱频率高,而且水库供水能力也处于全省较低水平,再加上岩溶区“保水难”的特性,该区成为省内干旱情势最为严重的地区。     

旱情预报技术进展与展望

受全球气候变化影响和人类活动的加剧,干旱灾害发生频次增加且强度增大,严重威胁着我国的粮食安全和水安全。准确及时的旱情预报,对于制定科学有效的干旱应对策略、减少灾害造成的损失具有重大意义。从基于数理统计模型的预报技术和基于物理机制模型的预报技术两方面入手,梳理回顾了国内外研究进展,揭示了当前预报技术所存在的问题,并提出针对性的解决方案。未来研究应注重提高干旱监测数据的质量、突破核心关键技术、构建全国旱情预报业务化系统,为抗旱减灾事业提供强有力的科技支撑。     

基于SPI的辽宁省庄河市近35年干旱演变特性研究

庄河市是辽南地区的重要水源地,分析其干旱演变特性有利于该地区水资源的合理开发与利用,对于防旱减灾、合理布局产业结构具有重要的现实意义。本文根据庄河市1984年1月1日至2018年12月31日的逐日降水数据计算了1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月共4个不同时间尺度下的标准化降水指数(SPI),并基于SPI对该地区近35年的年际与季节干旱演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:在年际变化方面,庄河市的SPI在2000年以前波动幅度较小,说明该地区的降水在时间上分布较为均匀;但自2000年以来,SPI序列出现较大的波峰与波谷,说明降雨的分布不均匀性有所增强;SPI的时间序列趋势线斜率为负值,说明该地区整体上呈现偏旱趋势,因此其水资源压力不断增大。在季节演变特征方面,夏季干旱和秋季干旱呈现增强趋势;秋旱的发生频率最高,而夏旱的出现频率最低。本研究结果可为庄河地区的抗旱减灾与水资源规划提供科学依据。     

煤电煤化工气象适宜度及其应用研究

通过对准东经济技术开发区内煤电煤化工生产企业的调研,得到当地气象条件对露天煤炭开采、火力发电、电解铝、煤化工生产影响的气象敏感要素数据;采用查阅文献和专家座谈等方法,确定影响煤电煤化工生产的气象敏感要素临界值;结合准东地区的气候特征、煤电煤化工生产实际,根据天气预报数据、利用适宜程度判别模型,完成煤电煤化工活动适宜气象等级预报的制作。研究结果表明:降水、大风、夏季高温、冬季低温、雷电、沙尘和雾为影响煤电煤化工生产的主要气象敏感要素;建议根据不同地区、不同煤化工生产活动的实际情况来制定气象适宜度判别指标。     

Knockout of Auxin Response Factor SlARF4 Improves Tomato Resistance to Water Deficit

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in various plant physiological processes; however, knowledge of the exact role of ARFs in plant responses to water deficit is limited. In this study, SlARF4, a member of the ARF family, was functionally characterized under water deficit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduced the expression of SlARF4. SlARF4 was expressed in the vascular bundles and guard cells of tomato stomata. Loss of function of SlARF4 (arf4) by using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) technology enhanced plant resistance to water stress and rehydration ability. The arf4 mutant plants exhibited curly leaves and a thick stem. Malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in arf4 mutants than in wildtype plants under water stress; furthermore, arf4 mutants showed higher content of antioxidant substances, superoxide dismutase, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), and catalase activities. Stomatal and vascular bundle morphology was changed in arf4 mutants. We identified 628 differentially expressed genes specifically expressed under water deficit in arf4 mutants; six of these genes, including ABA signaling pathway-related genes, were differentially expressed between the wildtype and arf4 mutants under water deficit and unlimited water supply. Auxin responsive element (AuxRE) elements were found in these genes’ promoters indicating that SlARF4 participates in ABA signaling pathways by regulating the expression of SlABI5/ABF and SCL3, thereby influencing stomatal morphology and vascular bundle development and ultimately improving plant resistance to water deficit.     

A Novel DUF569 Gene Is a Positive Regulator of the Drought Stress Response in Arabidopsis

In the last two decades, global environmental change has increased abiotic stress on plants and severely affected crops. For example, drought stress is a serious abiotic stress that rapidly and substantially alters the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of plants. In Arabidopsis, several drought-responsive genes have been identified; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in plants remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the “domain of unknown function” novel gene DUF569 (AT1G69890) positively regulates drought stress in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutant atduf569 showed significant sensitivity to drought stress, i.e., severe wilting at the rosette-leaf stage after water was withheld for 3 days. Importantly, the mutant plant did not recover after rewatering, unlike wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, atduf569 plants showed significantly lower abscisic acid accumulation under optimal and drought-stress conditions, as well as significantly higher electrolyte leakage when compared with WT Col-0 plants. Spectrophotometric analyses also indicated a significantly lower accumulation of polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls in atduf569 mutant plants. Overall, our results suggest that novel DUF569 is a positive regulator of the response to drought in Arabidopsis.     

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) and Abscisic Acid-, Stress-, and Ripening-Induced (ASR) Gene Superfamily from Canavalia rosea and Their Roles in Salinity/Alkaline and Drought Tolerance

Canavalia rosea (bay bean), distributing in coastal areas or islands in tropical and subtropical regions, is an extremophile halophyte with good adaptability to seawater and drought. Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins typically accumulate in response to various abiotic stresses, including dehydration, salinity, high temperature, and cold, or during the late stage of seed development. Abscisic acid-, stress-, and ripening-induced (ASR) genes are stress and developmentally regulated plant-specific genes. In this study, we reported the first comprehensive survey of the LEA and ASR gene superfamily in C. rosea. A total of 84 CrLEAs and three CrASRs were identified in C. rosea and classified into nine groups. All CrLEAs and CrASRs harbored the conserved motif for their family proteins. Our results revealed that the CrLEA genes were widely distributed in different chromosomes, and all of the CrLEA/CrASR genes showed wide expression features in different tissues in C. rosea plants. Additionally, we introduced 10 genes from different groups into yeast to assess the functions of the CrLEAs/CrASRs. These results contribute to our understanding of LEA/ASR genes from halophytes and provide robust candidate genes for functional investigations in plant species adapted to extreme environments.     

安徽省农业旱灾脆弱性综合分析与评价

旱灾是影响安徽省农业特别是粮食生产可持续发展的重要制约因素。在相同致灾强度下,灾情会随灾害脆弱性的增强而加重,因此,研究农业旱灾脆弱性对安徽省防灾减灾和农业可持续发展具有特别重要意义。根据影响旱灾脆弱性的因素和指标体系选取的原则,选择了旱灾面积比、森林覆盖率、农村人均收入等9个指标,采用加权综合评价方法对各市旱灾脆弱性进行分析,并利用聚类分析方法进行旱灾脆弱性区划。结果表明,除合肥市、阜阳市、池州市、宿州市和黄山市5个市需要采取措施降低旱灾脆弱度外,安徽省总体上农业旱灾脆弱性较弱,有较强的抗旱承灾能力。     

干旱指数在四川省的适用性分析

干旱灾害频发严重制约着四川省的农业发展,为合理分析四川省干旱情况,干旱指数的选择尤为重要。本文基于四川省39个气象站点1960年-2013年的气象资料,分别计算1961年、1994年、2006年和2009年-2010年各站点相对湿润指数M、气象干旱综合指数CI、标准化降水指数SPI和标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI,利用Arcgis反距离插值法进行空间插值,并与中国气象灾害大典记录的四川省典型年干旱情况进行对比分析,进而评价四种干旱指数在四川省的适用性。结果表明:对于1961年夏旱,M指数和CI指数均表现出无旱或轻旱,SPI指数结果较实际情况偏小,SPEI指数监测出了干旱的重灾区,效果在四个干旱指标中最好;1994年夏伏旱,M指数监测结果偏小;CI指数出现了空报,对川东地区和川西高原的监测结果偏小,SPEI指数在达县、巴中一带结果偏小,而SPI指数在成都、绵阳一带的结果偏小。2006年伏旱,M指数监测结果偏小;CI指数比M指数效果稍好,但结果仍然偏小;SPI指数和SPEI指数监测出的干旱特征与实际一致;2009年-2010年的冬春连旱,SPEI指数效果最好,M指数次之,SPI指数效果最差。SPEI指数最能反映四川省典型干旱年干旱的空间分布特征。